Percentage-scale.



c. GLMICHALIS & M. MUNZNER.

v PERCENTAGE SCALE. 7 APPLICATION F ILED SEPT- IH, 1913.

Patnted Ap 20,1915.

INVENTORS crannncn o. MIcnALIs, or nas'r onanon,

JERSEY, ASSIGNORS rro one TORSION BALANCE COMPANY, or new roan, n. Y., A

GORPORATION OF NEW YORK.

which the following is a specification.

This invention provides a weighing scale or balance designed to facilitate the ascertainmcnt of relative or proportional weights,

whereby to determine the percentage of loss or gain in the wei ht of an article at difl'erent times of weig ing, and for other analogous' computations.

The object of the invention is to enable such ratios to be determined without arithmetical computation and irrespective of the weight of the sample or article being weighed. To accomplish these results the weighing scale is provided-with a diagram which forms part of a triangular figure having lines radiating from a common or zero point to equidistant points along a scale graduation, the latter beingdeveloped in a horizontal line or parallel with the scale beam. The weighing scale is'provided with an indicator coacting with said diagram, whereby any one of an infinitude o'timaginary; horizontal lines parallel with said graduations may be availed of for the purposes of any weighingoperation, and whereby the-initial and final weights may beread along one of such imaginarylines and their ratios determined by observation and without the necessity of any calculation. The

diagram and indicator may be variously correlated, either being movable with relation to the other in a direction perpendicular to the scale beam, and the indicator being movable with the sliding counterpoise of the scale (or any other equivalent weighingmeans). Thus the essential operation consists in first counterpoising the scale carrying the sample to be weighed then effecting an actual or imaginary adjustment of the diagram and pointer to bring the STATES Specification of Letters Patent.

PATENT orrion;

AND MAX m'mznnn, or emzmeron, nnw

PERCENTAGE-scans.

Patented Apr. 20, 1915.

Application filed September 18, 1918. Serial No. 790,458.

latter to some predetermined line of the diagram (usually a line representing 100 per cent), and thereby establishing an imaginary horizontal line; then res-weighing the same sample after treatment or another.v

sample and reading off the second weight by the newposition of the pointer on "such imaginary line, whereby the percentage. (or other ratio) of loss (or gain) in weight may be determined with a" high'degree ofaccuracy. The operator does not require to know the actual weight of the sampleor article weighed, and hence is relieved ofr'the necessity of reparing a'sampleof anyprescribed weig t. The only requisite is that at the successive Weighings the ratios of which areto be 'determined, the diagram and indicator shallmaintain the same relation, so that the successive readings are performed ,along the same imaginary horizontal line.

Thus the triangulation diagram and the in-' dicator correlated therewith, together constitute what may properly be termed a. computer.

In the accompanying drawings we'have shown diflferent' ways of carrying out our il'nvention. v

Figure 1 is a front elevation ofa weighing scale; Fig.2 is a fragmentaryWei-tical trans verse section thereof; Fig. 3'is a fragmentary vertical longitudinal section of the counterbalance; Fig. lis a diagrammatic view illustrating the complete diagram of,

which-a portion only is used on the scale shown in Fig. 1; Fig. 4 shows a fragment of Fig. 4 inversely graduated; Fig. 5 shows separately one form of indicator bein-gthat shown in Fig. 1-; Fig. 6 is an elevation showing another form of indica'tor; Fig, Its a perspective View showing I the diagram developed aroundfthe cylinderjand adjustable with relation to the indicator;1. 91? pointer which is carried by the scale beam In its mechanical features the scale shown is an ordinary torsion balance, and-maybesubstituted by any other kind of soale as an equivalent. The scale shown in ,com- I prises a base a, parallel beams b' b hung-centrally on torsional wires (no; shownltoa.

central stationary .truss c and connected at usual rods {,1 g which support a usual counterpoise beam h on which slides a sl de we1ght or cou'nterp'oise 7', all in a usual manner.

This general construction of scale is so well known that no detailed illustration or description is necessary. It is shown here simply as one example of a scale to which our invention may be applied.

' In the particular construction shown the counterpoise beam h is doubled toform also 'a beam In for receiving the compensating slide weight m, the function of which will be described hereinafter.

YV hen for any reason it is desirable to weigh oil a tare, as for example that of a receptacle containing the sample to be weighed on f, the beam it is further provided with a tare bea m n on'which moves a tare weight 72. This tare weight and beam will be omitted in cases Where there is no, occasion to tare oil a receptacle or perform any similar subtractionj In the construction shown in Figs. 1 and 2 the major part of the torsion balance is inclosed in a glass case as usual, and to the stationary top plate Z of, this case (or to any other stationary support) there are secured uprights g which support a plate 1' which is best arranged in a vertical plane. On this plate r is inscribed thediagram which will be described with reference to Fig. 4. Close .against the front of this plate but without quite touching it, is an upright strip s carried by the slide weight 9' and constituting a. form of indicator. The slide weight j should he provided with some means for giving it a slight frictional cling to the A th provision of a friction spring 25 as shown in Fig. 3, or any other means for preventing its accidental displacement along the beam.

The diagram .l which is inscribed on the plate r is best, shown in Fig. 4. In this figure the dotted lines show the theoretically complete diagram. This diagram constitutes atriangulation scale having as its be the l nes: ag'and as its apex the zero point 0.

The -l;.ine a: extends horizontally, that is tosay. parallel. with the path of movement of the slide weight j along the beam h. The line mis graduated, as for example in frac iio s of 100.....Ordinarily the graduations pi i, we equidistant, but for some purposes it may be desirable to space the graduations otherwise. From the pointsestablished by the ,c'raduations on the base line w m, converging or radial'linesare drawnto 'the apex or zero point 0. Intermediate graduatime may be applied as shown at the conierging lines of the diagram portion of the diagram toward the zero line the practical-limit being that of This sample is placed on the pan f and is .weighed' by counterpoising being in the position shown.

beam 75, such as Figs. 1 and if desired. It is apparent that (if) i f carried to the zero point would run together, and that for a considerable distance therefrom they would be too close to be distin guishable to the eye; for this reason that portion ofthe diagram nearest the apex or zero point is discarded, say for example as far back as the line 2 2 in Fig. 4. Also it IS found in practice that for most purposes the w w is practically useless and may be discarded. In the example shown, all below 40 per cent is thus omitted.

I It will be understood that within the limit imposed by the dimensions and graduatioiis of thebase line 00 .21, the diagram Aaffords in theory an infinity of scale raduations, the visibly distinguishable contiguity of theconverging lines which in the example is fixed by the line 2 2. Between the lines a m and any desired scale graduation can be found by ruling an imaginary line parallel to the base line This will be made clear in describing the practical operation of the scale. j

Let us suppose for example that it is desired to ascertain the percentage of loss of i weight of any material in undergoing some givenprocess (such for example as drying,

.of the material will'be roughly measured out, the operator only needing to know that the sample thus provided has a weight which is. within thecapacity of the-scale.

v the scale by the weight on The operator will then note the point' on the diagram at which the edge of the indicator strip a intersects the termiual graduation line 10-); in the example shown this intersection is at the point of the arbitrary verticalgrad uations on the strip 8. The operator will note down this point ('25) for future reference if the scale is to be used for any other purpose during the treatment to which the sample is next to be subjected. T he sample will then be subjected to the treatment bv which its weight is to. bc educed. That-is to sayfor euamplc it may be heated to drive oil its moisture content; or it grain or the like, it maybe put through a cleaning or winnowing process; or it may be subjected to any other treatment the ratio ol 1;. iOflZO weight from which it is desired to ascertain. Then. the-sample after having been thus" treated is placed again on the scale pan. and the slideweight j is readjusted to poise the scale, This brings the graduated indicator strip 8 to' a .diife'r'ent position cros averti cally' the diagram A. The ope air then notesthe point at which the graduation 25.

means of the slide weight j,

ing first the point of intersection on s with the oblique line 100, and next the oblique line which on the second weighing intersects this same point of intersection, has in efi'ect established an imaginaryv horizontal line across the diagram, and read off his successive weights on this imaginary line. In Fig. 4

such an imaginary line isindicated by the dotted line 2: '0. Obviously if the sample had been a little larger so that it weighed more, this imaginary line would be higher up on thediagram; and if it had weighed less, the imaginary line would have been lower down. Thus within the limits afforded by the capacity of the scale and the limitations of the section of the diagram which is utilized, provision is made for great variety in the weight of thatthe operator does not need to first carefully weigh'ofl' the. sample as has heretofore commonly been necessary in order to deterlmine a percentage of loss or gain. Thus the present scale gives results in ratios quite irrespective of the actual weight of the samples weighed, provided they be within the capacity of. the scale.

The function of the weight m will now be explained.

It is obvious that since the diagram A which is utilized does not extend to zero weight (that is to the line ufin Fig. 51), and sincwthe slide weight 7' moves a distance only sufiicient to cause the indicator 8 to traverse the diagram, this weight'in its posit-ion nearest zero still so far over-weighs the that with an empty scalepan it would be impossible to initially adjust or poise the scale or adjust it to a true level by means er the usual leveling screwfsThnd equally it would be impossible to subsequently test the poise or balance of the scale when empty. To carry the weight y'to a Zero position would undesirably lengthen the beam h and detract. from the compactness of the instrument. Hence a separate weight m is provided which in normal weighing occupies the position shown, but, which when it is desired to initially poise the scale is slid as far as possible to the left, thereby shifting the center of gravity of the beam to the same extent as it the weight j could be moved to the point of zero weight.

the samples weighed, so

I Thus by resort to this second weight theiinstrument is kept within that length which is necessary to enable the diagram Aand indicators to properly coact.

In weighing, each adjustment' of the weight j moves the indicator .9 to a new pcsition, which is equivalent to tracing an imaginary vertical line on the diagram A. The sole purpose of the graduations on this indicator is to enablev the operator to observe and record the point on. such vertical line at which it intersects some given or desired line of the diagram given the line 100). In Fig. 6 the indicator is shown as a vertical strip 8 (which need not have graduations) on which moves a sliding pointer s which may be moved vertically to bring it to such point of intersection and then kept there during the subsequent re-weighingr Obviously the same essential result would be attained if instead of displacing an im-'- aginary point or a movable slide 8 in ver- (in the example tical direction, a fixed point were established on the indicator and the diagram A were moved in a direction perpendicular-to its base graduation cm. This modification is illustrated in Fig. 7, Where the slider j moving on the beam 72. carries a pointer u which moves solely in a horizontal path, its tip describing an imaginary horizontal-line on the diagram A, which here is wound or developed around a movable holder or carrier B, which is shown as a cylinder so pivoted between supports 9 as topreclude anylongitudinal displacement, while admitting of its being turned under suitable friction so as to displace the diagram A and thereby bring any point on any of its oblique lines into coincidencewith the tip of the pointer M which here constitutes the indicator. Viith this modified arrangement the weighing operation is precisely thesame as before except that at the first weighing, which for example brings the weight j to the position shown in dotted lines,the operator has then to turn the cylinder B until. thc lii1e of the diagram is brought into coincidence with the tip of the'pointer; the

cylinder is then left in this position until the'second weighing is performed, when for example the weight will bring the pointer to the position shown in full lines, e. ap-

proximately to the point 63 on the diagram,

indicating a loss of weight of 37 per cent.

lVhen the scale is to be used to determine a ratio of gain of weight instead of loss, it

is only necessary to reproportion the diagram or the graduations so as to carry the latter as far as may be desired beyond the line of the diagram which indicates unit or.

The invention lends itself to 100 per cent. a great variety of graduations according to the particular purpose in View.

Our new percentage 01' computing scale has many utilizations and presents marked advantages in the quick determination of the desired result by a simple readingofi' from a diagram and without any computation or any reference to tables or other extesting of grain which is first Weighed with the impurities and is then cleaned and reweighed; (2) the testing" of ice cream to determine its loss of weight in freezing; (3) the testing of butter and various other articles to determine the proportion of moisture they contain; (4:) the testing or standardizing of alloys containing one or more invariable components and a variable component whereby to determine the proportion of the latter; and (5) for determining specific gravities; and for numerous other purposes. For determining specific gravities', a vessel or receptacle containing water is used. It is necessary to weigh cit the tare of the receptacle, or of the receptacle plus its contained water. For this purpose the tare beam n and weight 7) are provided, the latter-when not in use occupying the zero position and being displaced to the right to weigh oil a tare.

For determining the'specific gravity of a liquid, first weigh oil the tare of the receptacle; then fill this with water and perform the first weighingas already described: then refill uhe receptacle with the sample liquid whose specific gravity is to be determined; then perform the second weighing and note the percentage of loss or gain of weight, which will give. the specific gravity of the liquid. .For specific gravities it is desirable to regraduate the scale in terms of unity for the weight of water and percentages thereof for liquids weighing less than water,

and a continuation of the scale for liquids weighing more than water. For solids, the receptacle may be filled with water and {the combined weight be tared ofi' then placc'the solid also onfthc scale and perform the first weighing, which gives the weight of the solid in air; this is read oil on the 100 (or unity} line of the diagram, thus establishing the, horizontal line onwhich the nextwcighing is tobe real; then immerse the solid in the water. owrfiowing the excess of water whichis displaced by the volume of the solid; then 'periorn'i the second weighin therebydetermining the loss of weight due to the d splacement of the water; by reading this weight onv the same line the proportion is determined which gives the specific gravity.,, ,ljor a scale used for specific gravity alone, the diagram will be specifically scaled to read 0d the ratio directly.

It will be understood that our invention is I independent of the particular construction of the scale or balancaand-that all equiva- 'lents known to the scale-makers art may be availed-of, the illustrations given being in-v tended only toshow the best modes known to us of practising our invention.

We claim as our invention 1. A percentage scale comprising weighing means and a computer, the weighing means :including a scale beam and slide weight thereon, and the computer. comprisinga diagram and indicator, said diagram having'a horizontal graduated scale with divisions answeringto successive positions of said slide weight and having radial lines converging from such divisions toward a focus, and said indicator mounted on the slide weight and movable therewith'across said diagram, whereby at successive weighings of an object ofvarying weight the indicator occupies proportionately difierent positions on said diagram, such indicator having means adapted eta weighing operation to locate a point of intersection oft-he indicator with. an oblique line of the diagram and thereby to establish one of an infinity of imaginary horizontal lines of the dia-- grain, so that at a second weighing the intersection of such horizontal line with another radial line of the diagram enables the ratio 'of the differing weights atsuch two weighings to be read on said graduated scale.

.2. A percentage scale comprising weighi'ng means and a computer, the weighing means including a 7 scale beam and slide weight thereon, and the-computer comprising a diagram and indicator, said diagram having a horizontal graduated scale with divisions answering to successive positions of said slide weight and having radial lines converging from such division's toward a tocu s, andsaid-indicator mounted vertically on the slide j weight and movable therewith across said diagram, whereby at the successive weighings of an object of varying neightt-he indicator occupies proportionately difi'ercnt positions oii'said diagram, and said indicator having vertical graduations whereby at a"weighing operation to locate-a point of intersection of the indicator with. an oblique line of the diagram, an dthereby to establish one of an infinity of imaginary horizontal lines of the *diagram, so that at a second weighing the intersection of such horizontal lines with another radial line of the diagram enables the ratio of. the differing weights at such two weighings be read onsaid graduated scale.

3. A pecentage scale comprising weighing means and a computenthe weighing means including a scale beam and slide weight, and the eompiiter Comprising a diagram and indicator, said diagram having a horizontal graduated scale with divisions v answering to successive positions of the slide weight, and having radial lines converging thence towarda :focus located beyond the diagramand beyond the range of movement of said slide weight, 'the scale beam having also a compensating weight movable from a normal weighing position to a position cor- 4 responding to the displacement of the slide howl/into m 

